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The Science of Brass Instruments.

Von: Campbell, MurrayMitwirkende(r): Gilbert, Joël | Myers, ArnoldMaterialtyp: TextTextSprache: EnglischReihen: Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing SeriesVerlag: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021Copyright-Datum: ©2021Auflage: 1st edBeschreibung: 1 online resource (453 pages)Inhaltstyp: Text Medientyp: Computermedien Datenträgertyp: Online ResourceISBN: 9783030556860Schlagwörter: Brass instruments-AcousticsGenre/Form: Fernzugriff | Andere physische Formen: Print version: : The Science of Brass InstrumentsOnline-Ressourcen: Volltext
Inhalte:
Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I The Musician's Experience and the Scientific Perspective -- 1 The Musician's Experience of Brass Instruments -- 1.1 Creating Music from Lip Vibration: Labrosones Through the Ages -- 1.1.1 Labrosones from Found Objects -- 1.1.2 Early Metal Labrosones -- 1.1.3 Labrosones in Renaissance and Baroque Music -- 1.1.4 The Nineteenth-Century Labrosone Revolution -- 1.2 The Musician's Interpretation of the Brass Playing Experience -- 1.2.1 Musical Pitch Notation -- 1.2.2 Natural Notes and Harmonics: The Musician's View -- 1.2.3 Nominal Pitches of Brass Instruments -- 1.2.4 Compass -- 1.2.5 Intonation Control -- 1.2.6 Dynamic Range -- 1.2.7 Timbre -- 1.2.8 Blowing Pressure and Air Flow -- 1.2.9 Resistance and Playing Effort -- 1.2.10 Responsiveness and Rapid Articulation -- 1.2.11 Wrap, Directivity and Ergonomics -- 1.3 Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Brass Instrument Quality -- 1.3.1 Sound Quality and Playability -- 1.3.2 Descriptive Terms Used by Musicians to Describe Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 1.3.3 Biases in Quality Evaluation of Musical Instruments -- 2 The Scientist's Perspective on Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 2.1 Scientific Measurements of Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 2.1.1 Sound Radiated from a Brass Instrument -- 2.1.2 Sound Measured Inside a Trombone Mouthpiece -- 2.1.3 Pressure Measured Inside a Brass Player's Mouth -- 2.1.4 Lip Vibration and Air Flow: The Valve Effect Sound Source -- 2.1.5 Is Air Flow Through the Instrument Tube Important? -- 2.1.6 Is Sound Radiation from the Vibrating Bell Important? -- 2.1.7 Warming Up a Brass Instrument -- 2.2 An Approach to Modelling Brass Instruments -- 2.2.1 The Scientific Case for Simplified Models -- 2.2.2 Coupled Systems and Feedback Loops -- 2.2.3 Natural Notes and Harmonics: The Scientific View.
2.2.4 Self-Sustained Oscillations -- 2.2.5 The Wind Instrument Paradox -- Part II Acoustical Modelling of Brasswinds -- 3 Buzzing Lips: Sound Generation in Brass Instruments -- 3.1 The Nature of Lip Vibration -- 3.1.1 The Brass Player's Embouchure -- 3.1.2 Experimental Studies of Vibrating Lips -- 3.1.3 Time Dependence of the Lip Opening Area -- 3.1.4 The Lip Opening Area-Height Function -- 3.1.5 Two-Dimensional Motion of the Brass Player's Lips -- 3.1.6 Experiments with Artificial Lips -- 3.2 An Equation of Motion for the Lips -- 3.2.1 A One-Mass Model of the Lips -- 3.2.2 The Sliding Door Lip Model -- 3.2.3 The Swinging Door Lip Model -- 3.2.4 Inward-Striking and Outward-Striking Reeds -- 3.3 The Mechanical Response of the Vibrating Lips -- 3.3.1 Resonances of Artificial Lips -- 3.3.2 Resonances of Human Lips -- 3.4 Why Do the Lips Buzz? -- 3.5 Volume Flow in Buzzing Lips -- 3.5.1 Acoustic Volume Flow Through the Lip Aperture -- 3.5.2 Acoustic Volume Flow Equation -- 4 After the Lips: Acoustic Resonances and Radiation -- 4.1 Internal Sounds in Brass Instruments -- 4.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Resonators -- 4.1.2 Travelling Waves -- 4.1.3 Standing Waves -- 4.1.4 Frequency Domain and Time Domain -- 4.1.5 Impulse Response and Reflection Function -- 4.1.6 Input Impedance -- 4.2 Measuring Input Impedance -- 4.2.1 Capillary-Based Methods -- 4.2.2 Complementary Cavity Methods -- 4.2.3 Wave Separation Methods -- 4.2.4 Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry -- 4.3 Bore Profiles of Brass Instruments -- 4.3.1 Different Parts of the Bore -- 4.3.2 Cylindrical Tubes -- 4.3.3 Conical Tubes -- 4.3.4 Equivalent Fundamental Pitch and Equivalent Cone Length -- 4.3.5 The Mouthpiece as a Helmholtz Resonator -- 4.3.6 Mouthpiece Effects on Intonation and Timbre -- 4.3.7 Sound Waves in Flaring Bells -- 4.3.8 A Theoretical Example: The Bessel Horn.
4.3.9 A Practical Example: The Complete Trombone -- 4.3.10 Instruments with Predominantly Expanding Bore Profiles -- 4.4 Toneholes -- 4.5 Mutes -- 4.5.1 Straight Mutes -- 4.5.2 Effects of Internal Resonances in the Straight Mute -- 4.5.3 Harmon Mute -- 4.5.4 Plunger and Cup Mutes -- 4.5.5 Transposing Mutes -- 4.5.6 Hand Technique on the Horn -- 4.6 Radiation of Sound from Brass Instruments -- 4.6.1 Near Field and Far Field -- 4.6.2 Monopole Radiation -- 4.6.3 Transition from Internal to External Sound Fields -- 4.6.4 Mapping the Radiation Fields of Brass Instruments -- 4.6.5 Visualising Wavefronts with Schlieren Optics -- 4.6.6 Far Field Directivity in Brass Instruments -- 4.7 Going Further: Calculating Input Impedance -- 4.7.1 Analytical Calculations -- 4.7.2 Lossless Plane Wave TMM Calculations -- 4.7.3 Including Losses in TMM Calculations -- 4.7.4 TMM with Non-Cylindrical Elements -- 4.7.5 Radiation Impedance -- 4.7.6 Multimodal Calculations -- 4.7.7 Bends in Brass Instruments -- 4.8 Going Further: The Wogram Sum Function -- 5 Blow That Horn: An Elementary Model of Brass Playing -- 5.1 The Three Equations of the Brass Instrument Model -- 5.1.1 The First Constituent Equation: Lip Dynamics -- 5.1.2 The Second Constituent Equation: Flow Conditions -- 5.1.3 The Third Constituent Equation: Instrument Acoustics -- 5.2 Crossing the Threshold: Small Amplitude Oscillating Solutions -- 5.2.1 Phase Relationships in the Lip Valve -- 5.2.2 Silence or Sound? Stability Analysis of Brass Instruments -- 5.3 Beyond Pianissimo: Modelling Realistic Playing Amplitudes -- 5.3.1 Analysis of Brass Performance Using Simulations -- 5.3.2 Bifurcation Diagrams -- 5.4 Going Further: From Linear Stability Analysis to Oscillation Regimes -- 5.4.1 Introduction: A Van der Pol Self-Sustained Oscillator -- 5.4.2 State-Space Representations of the Elementary Brass Playing Model.
5.4.3 Linear Stability Analysis Applied to Brass Instruments -- 5.4.4 The Trombone Pedal Note Regime -- 5.4.5 Bifurcation Diagrams of Reed and Brass Instruments -- 5.4.6 Multiphonics -- 6 Shocks and Surprises: Refining the Elementary Model -- 6.1 Why Brass Instruments Sound Brassy -- 6.1.1 Brassy Sounds in Music -- 6.1.2 Experimental Evidence for Shock Waves in Brass Instruments -- 6.1.3 To Infinity and Beyond: Nonlinear Propagation in Tubes -- 6.1.4 The Brassiness Potential Parameter -- 6.1.5 Elephants, Exhausts and Angels: Some Surprising Sources of Brassy Sounds -- 6.2 Going Further: Nonlinear Propagation -- 6.2.1 From the Fundamental Fluid Dynamic Equations to the Nonlinear Wave Propagation Equation -- 6.2.2 The Burgers Equations -- 6.2.3 Brassiness of Flaring Bells -- 6.3 The Player's Windway -- 6.3.1 Coupling of Upstream and Downstream Resonances -- 6.3.2 Tuning of Windway Impedance Peaks -- 6.3.3 Other Effects of the Player's Windway -- 6.3.4 Respiratory Control -- 6.4 Improving the Lip Model -- 6.4.1 Evidence from Mechanical Response Measurements -- 6.4.2 Evidence from Measurements of Threshold Playing Parameters -- 6.4.3 Models with More Than One Degree of Freedom -- 6.5 Playing Frequencies of Brass Instruments -- 6.6 The Influence of Wall Material on Brass Instrument Performance -- 6.6.1 Factors Affecting the Choice of Wall Material -- 6.6.2 Experimental Studies of Brass Instrument Wall Vibrations -- 6.6.3 Pathological Wall Vibration Effects in Wind Instruments -- 6.6.4 Frequency-Localised and Broadband Effects of Structural Resonances in Brass Instruments -- 6.6.5 Mechanical Vibration at the Lip-Mouthpiece Interface -- 6.7 Going Further: Analytical Modelling of Vibroacoustic Coupling in Ducts -- 6.7.1 Basic Vibroacoustic Theory -- 6.7.2 Effect of Vibroacoustic Coupling on Input Impedance.
6.7.3 Some Experimental Tests of Vibroacoustic Modelling -- Part III Historical Evolution and Taxonomy of Brass Instruments -- 7 The Amazing Diversity of Brass Instruments -- 7.1 What Are Important Features of Brass Instruments? -- 7.1.1 Taxonomic Labels Based on Tube Length -- 7.1.2 Bore Profile and Brassiness -- 7.2 The Different Kinds of Brass Instrument -- 7.2.1 Instruments with the Shortest Tube Lengths -- 7.2.2 Instruments with Very Short Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.3 Instruments with Short Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.4 Instruments with Short Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.5 Instruments with Medium Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.6 Instruments with Long Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.7 Instruments with Long Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.8 Instruments with Very Long Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.9 Instruments with Very Long Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.3 Families -- 7.4 Mouthpieces -- 7.5 Going Further: Trumpets and Cornets-Are They Different? -- 7.6 Going Further: Alternative Taxonomies -- 7.7 Going Further: Mouthpiece Parameters -- 7.8 Going Further: The Bass Brass Instruments of Berlioz -- 7.8.1 The Trombone -- 7.8.2 The Serpent -- 7.8.3 The Ophicleide -- 7.8.4 The Bass Tuba -- 7.8.5 Berlioz and Pedal Notes -- 8 How Brass Instruments Are Made -- 8.1 Materials -- 8.2 Design -- 8.3 Metal Forming -- 8.4 Valves -- 8.5 Assembly -- 9 Looking Back and Looking Forward -- 9.1 Brass Instruments in the Ancient World -- 9.1.1 Etruscan Cornu and Lituus -- 9.1.2 The Celtic Carnyx -- 9.2 Brass Instruments in the Digital World -- 9.2.1 Optimisation in Instrument Design -- 9.2.2 Modification of Instruments Using Active Control -- 9.2.3 Live Electronics and Augmented Instruments -- 9.2.4 Epilogue -- References -- Index.

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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I The Musician's Experience and the Scientific Perspective -- 1 The Musician's Experience of Brass Instruments -- 1.1 Creating Music from Lip Vibration: Labrosones Through the Ages -- 1.1.1 Labrosones from Found Objects -- 1.1.2 Early Metal Labrosones -- 1.1.3 Labrosones in Renaissance and Baroque Music -- 1.1.4 The Nineteenth-Century Labrosone Revolution -- 1.2 The Musician's Interpretation of the Brass Playing Experience -- 1.2.1 Musical Pitch Notation -- 1.2.2 Natural Notes and Harmonics: The Musician's View -- 1.2.3 Nominal Pitches of Brass Instruments -- 1.2.4 Compass -- 1.2.5 Intonation Control -- 1.2.6 Dynamic Range -- 1.2.7 Timbre -- 1.2.8 Blowing Pressure and Air Flow -- 1.2.9 Resistance and Playing Effort -- 1.2.10 Responsiveness and Rapid Articulation -- 1.2.11 Wrap, Directivity and Ergonomics -- 1.3 Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Brass Instrument Quality -- 1.3.1 Sound Quality and Playability -- 1.3.2 Descriptive Terms Used by Musicians to Describe Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 1.3.3 Biases in Quality Evaluation of Musical Instruments -- 2 The Scientist's Perspective on Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 2.1 Scientific Measurements of Brass Instrument Behaviour -- 2.1.1 Sound Radiated from a Brass Instrument -- 2.1.2 Sound Measured Inside a Trombone Mouthpiece -- 2.1.3 Pressure Measured Inside a Brass Player's Mouth -- 2.1.4 Lip Vibration and Air Flow: The Valve Effect Sound Source -- 2.1.5 Is Air Flow Through the Instrument Tube Important? -- 2.1.6 Is Sound Radiation from the Vibrating Bell Important? -- 2.1.7 Warming Up a Brass Instrument -- 2.2 An Approach to Modelling Brass Instruments -- 2.2.1 The Scientific Case for Simplified Models -- 2.2.2 Coupled Systems and Feedback Loops -- 2.2.3 Natural Notes and Harmonics: The Scientific View.

2.2.4 Self-Sustained Oscillations -- 2.2.5 The Wind Instrument Paradox -- Part II Acoustical Modelling of Brasswinds -- 3 Buzzing Lips: Sound Generation in Brass Instruments -- 3.1 The Nature of Lip Vibration -- 3.1.1 The Brass Player's Embouchure -- 3.1.2 Experimental Studies of Vibrating Lips -- 3.1.3 Time Dependence of the Lip Opening Area -- 3.1.4 The Lip Opening Area-Height Function -- 3.1.5 Two-Dimensional Motion of the Brass Player's Lips -- 3.1.6 Experiments with Artificial Lips -- 3.2 An Equation of Motion for the Lips -- 3.2.1 A One-Mass Model of the Lips -- 3.2.2 The Sliding Door Lip Model -- 3.2.3 The Swinging Door Lip Model -- 3.2.4 Inward-Striking and Outward-Striking Reeds -- 3.3 The Mechanical Response of the Vibrating Lips -- 3.3.1 Resonances of Artificial Lips -- 3.3.2 Resonances of Human Lips -- 3.4 Why Do the Lips Buzz? -- 3.5 Volume Flow in Buzzing Lips -- 3.5.1 Acoustic Volume Flow Through the Lip Aperture -- 3.5.2 Acoustic Volume Flow Equation -- 4 After the Lips: Acoustic Resonances and Radiation -- 4.1 Internal Sounds in Brass Instruments -- 4.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Resonators -- 4.1.2 Travelling Waves -- 4.1.3 Standing Waves -- 4.1.4 Frequency Domain and Time Domain -- 4.1.5 Impulse Response and Reflection Function -- 4.1.6 Input Impedance -- 4.2 Measuring Input Impedance -- 4.2.1 Capillary-Based Methods -- 4.2.2 Complementary Cavity Methods -- 4.2.3 Wave Separation Methods -- 4.2.4 Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry -- 4.3 Bore Profiles of Brass Instruments -- 4.3.1 Different Parts of the Bore -- 4.3.2 Cylindrical Tubes -- 4.3.3 Conical Tubes -- 4.3.4 Equivalent Fundamental Pitch and Equivalent Cone Length -- 4.3.5 The Mouthpiece as a Helmholtz Resonator -- 4.3.6 Mouthpiece Effects on Intonation and Timbre -- 4.3.7 Sound Waves in Flaring Bells -- 4.3.8 A Theoretical Example: The Bessel Horn.

4.3.9 A Practical Example: The Complete Trombone -- 4.3.10 Instruments with Predominantly Expanding Bore Profiles -- 4.4 Toneholes -- 4.5 Mutes -- 4.5.1 Straight Mutes -- 4.5.2 Effects of Internal Resonances in the Straight Mute -- 4.5.3 Harmon Mute -- 4.5.4 Plunger and Cup Mutes -- 4.5.5 Transposing Mutes -- 4.5.6 Hand Technique on the Horn -- 4.6 Radiation of Sound from Brass Instruments -- 4.6.1 Near Field and Far Field -- 4.6.2 Monopole Radiation -- 4.6.3 Transition from Internal to External Sound Fields -- 4.6.4 Mapping the Radiation Fields of Brass Instruments -- 4.6.5 Visualising Wavefronts with Schlieren Optics -- 4.6.6 Far Field Directivity in Brass Instruments -- 4.7 Going Further: Calculating Input Impedance -- 4.7.1 Analytical Calculations -- 4.7.2 Lossless Plane Wave TMM Calculations -- 4.7.3 Including Losses in TMM Calculations -- 4.7.4 TMM with Non-Cylindrical Elements -- 4.7.5 Radiation Impedance -- 4.7.6 Multimodal Calculations -- 4.7.7 Bends in Brass Instruments -- 4.8 Going Further: The Wogram Sum Function -- 5 Blow That Horn: An Elementary Model of Brass Playing -- 5.1 The Three Equations of the Brass Instrument Model -- 5.1.1 The First Constituent Equation: Lip Dynamics -- 5.1.2 The Second Constituent Equation: Flow Conditions -- 5.1.3 The Third Constituent Equation: Instrument Acoustics -- 5.2 Crossing the Threshold: Small Amplitude Oscillating Solutions -- 5.2.1 Phase Relationships in the Lip Valve -- 5.2.2 Silence or Sound? Stability Analysis of Brass Instruments -- 5.3 Beyond Pianissimo: Modelling Realistic Playing Amplitudes -- 5.3.1 Analysis of Brass Performance Using Simulations -- 5.3.2 Bifurcation Diagrams -- 5.4 Going Further: From Linear Stability Analysis to Oscillation Regimes -- 5.4.1 Introduction: A Van der Pol Self-Sustained Oscillator -- 5.4.2 State-Space Representations of the Elementary Brass Playing Model.

5.4.3 Linear Stability Analysis Applied to Brass Instruments -- 5.4.4 The Trombone Pedal Note Regime -- 5.4.5 Bifurcation Diagrams of Reed and Brass Instruments -- 5.4.6 Multiphonics -- 6 Shocks and Surprises: Refining the Elementary Model -- 6.1 Why Brass Instruments Sound Brassy -- 6.1.1 Brassy Sounds in Music -- 6.1.2 Experimental Evidence for Shock Waves in Brass Instruments -- 6.1.3 To Infinity and Beyond: Nonlinear Propagation in Tubes -- 6.1.4 The Brassiness Potential Parameter -- 6.1.5 Elephants, Exhausts and Angels: Some Surprising Sources of Brassy Sounds -- 6.2 Going Further: Nonlinear Propagation -- 6.2.1 From the Fundamental Fluid Dynamic Equations to the Nonlinear Wave Propagation Equation -- 6.2.2 The Burgers Equations -- 6.2.3 Brassiness of Flaring Bells -- 6.3 The Player's Windway -- 6.3.1 Coupling of Upstream and Downstream Resonances -- 6.3.2 Tuning of Windway Impedance Peaks -- 6.3.3 Other Effects of the Player's Windway -- 6.3.4 Respiratory Control -- 6.4 Improving the Lip Model -- 6.4.1 Evidence from Mechanical Response Measurements -- 6.4.2 Evidence from Measurements of Threshold Playing Parameters -- 6.4.3 Models with More Than One Degree of Freedom -- 6.5 Playing Frequencies of Brass Instruments -- 6.6 The Influence of Wall Material on Brass Instrument Performance -- 6.6.1 Factors Affecting the Choice of Wall Material -- 6.6.2 Experimental Studies of Brass Instrument Wall Vibrations -- 6.6.3 Pathological Wall Vibration Effects in Wind Instruments -- 6.6.4 Frequency-Localised and Broadband Effects of Structural Resonances in Brass Instruments -- 6.6.5 Mechanical Vibration at the Lip-Mouthpiece Interface -- 6.7 Going Further: Analytical Modelling of Vibroacoustic Coupling in Ducts -- 6.7.1 Basic Vibroacoustic Theory -- 6.7.2 Effect of Vibroacoustic Coupling on Input Impedance.

6.7.3 Some Experimental Tests of Vibroacoustic Modelling -- Part III Historical Evolution and Taxonomy of Brass Instruments -- 7 The Amazing Diversity of Brass Instruments -- 7.1 What Are Important Features of Brass Instruments? -- 7.1.1 Taxonomic Labels Based on Tube Length -- 7.1.2 Bore Profile and Brassiness -- 7.2 The Different Kinds of Brass Instrument -- 7.2.1 Instruments with the Shortest Tube Lengths -- 7.2.2 Instruments with Very Short Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.3 Instruments with Short Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.4 Instruments with Short Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.5 Instruments with Medium Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.6 Instruments with Long Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.7 Instruments with Long Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.2.8 Instruments with Very Long Tube Lengths in C and B -- 7.2.9 Instruments with Very Long Tube Lengths in G, F, E and D -- 7.3 Families -- 7.4 Mouthpieces -- 7.5 Going Further: Trumpets and Cornets-Are They Different? -- 7.6 Going Further: Alternative Taxonomies -- 7.7 Going Further: Mouthpiece Parameters -- 7.8 Going Further: The Bass Brass Instruments of Berlioz -- 7.8.1 The Trombone -- 7.8.2 The Serpent -- 7.8.3 The Ophicleide -- 7.8.4 The Bass Tuba -- 7.8.5 Berlioz and Pedal Notes -- 8 How Brass Instruments Are Made -- 8.1 Materials -- 8.2 Design -- 8.3 Metal Forming -- 8.4 Valves -- 8.5 Assembly -- 9 Looking Back and Looking Forward -- 9.1 Brass Instruments in the Ancient World -- 9.1.1 Etruscan Cornu and Lituus -- 9.1.2 The Celtic Carnyx -- 9.2 Brass Instruments in the Digital World -- 9.2.1 Optimisation in Instrument Design -- 9.2.2 Modification of Instruments Using Active Control -- 9.2.3 Live Electronics and Augmented Instruments -- 9.2.4 Epilogue -- References -- Index.

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