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Cover -- Half-title page -- Series page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction: From Revolution to Devolution? -- Defining Decentralization -- Limitations of Decentralization -- Structure of the Volume -- Contribution -- Part I Theoretical and Comparative Context -- 2 Decentralization to Manage Identity Conflicts -- What Types of MENA Identities Might Be Addressed by Decentralization? -- Do MENA Political Forces Support Decentralization? -- Can Decentralization Be Designed for MENA Contexts? -- What Types of Jurisdictions? -- What Powers to Regional Institutions? -- How to Make Decentralization Stable in MENA States? -- A Cautious Conclusion -- 3 Devolution and the Promotion (or Evasion) of Minority Rights -- The "Minority Problem" -- The Limits of Decentralization -- Normalizing Minority Rights -- Conclusion: Reimagining Nationhood -- 4 Constitutional Design Options for Territorial Cleavages in the Middle East -- Federalism -- Decentralization and Special Autonomy -- Decentralization -- Special Autonomy -- Rights, Redistribution, and Representation at the Center -- Secession and Guarantors -- Conclusion -- 5 How Decentralization Efforts Have Recentralized Authority in the Arab Region -- Costs and Benefits of Decentralization: A Review of the Literature -- Decentralization in the MENA Region -- Factors Impacting Decentralization in the Arab Region -- Colonial Legacies and Regional Histories -- States that Promote and Subvert Decentralization -- Issues of Urban Management and Public-Private Partnerships -- Resistance to Municipal Tax Collection -- Effective Decentralization and Innovations against the Odds -- Conclusion -- Part II Decentralization and Governance Reform -- 6 Decentralization, Ideology, and Law in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Local Government and Authoritarian State-Building in Modern Iran: Theoretical Context -- The Historical Origins of Modern Local Government in Iran -- Four Actors, Three Competing Projects: Islamicization, Administrative Modernization, and Democratization -- Administration Not Democratization: The Origins of the 1996 Local Council Law -- The Emergence of Democratic Ambitions for Local Government -- Political Participation and Disqualification of Candidates -- Restrictions on Local Legislative Authority -- Conclusion: Local Government in the Context of Iranian Nation-State-Building -- 7 Salvaging State Legitimacy in Iraq through Decentralization -- An Evolving Rationale for Decentralization -- Unpacking Law 21 -- Legal Challenges to Decentralization and Practical Realities -- Obstacles and Constraints -- Conclusion -- 8 Decentralization Reforms in Post-Revolution Tunisia: The Struggle between Political and Bureaucratic Elites -- The Historical Roots of Regional Inequalities -- Party Systems and Incentives and Capacities to Decentralize -- The Role of the Central Bureaucracy: An Oversight? -- 2011-14: Understanding the Decision to Decentralize -- A New Institutional Venue -- A Cohesive Political Class of "Outsiders" -- Muted Resistance: A Weakened Central Bureaucracy -- Chapter Seven: A Radical Rupture with the Past -- 2014: The Resurgence of the Central Bureaucracy -- 2014-18: Conflicting Incentives and Coordination Challenges -- Fragmented Party Systems and Weak Incentives for Reform -- A Deeply Divided Political Class -- Fragmented Party Systems and Weak Incentives to Decentralize -- Political Fragmentation and Weak Capacities for Reform -- Subnational Actors -- Outcomes: Robust Constitutional Provisions, Weak Legislative Framework -- Conclusion -- Part III Decentralization and Self-determination -- 9 Autonomy beyond the State.

The Problem of Centralized-Territorial State Formation and Nationalism -- Statist Responses: Failed Quests for Self-determination -- The KDP-led Push for Autonomy/Independence -- PKK-Led Development of Self-constituting Capacities and Civil Society -- Rethinking Self-determination -- Conclusion -- 10 The Devil Is in the Details: Iraqi Kurdistan's Evolving Autonomy -- In Lieu of Independence, Minority Rights -- Toward Recognition -- Iraqi Kurdistan's First Genuine Autonomy, 1991-2003 -- The 2005 Constitution -- The Regional Government (KRG) -- The Draft Kurdish Constitution -- Divided Security Forces -- Natural Resources -- The Referendum, Its Discontents, and the Ties that Bind -- Conclusion -- 11 Turkish Kurdistan: Decentralization Reimagined -- Kurdistan, Divided -- Turkey, Kurdistan, and Decentralization -- The Centralized Turkish State -- Öcalan's Decentralized Vision -- Peace Processes and the Decentralization Debate -- Peace Talks: 2009-2015 -- Lessons of the Peace Process -- Kurdish Decentralization in Comparative Context -- Conclusion -- 12 Control, Responsibility, and the Israeli-Palestinian Decentralization Debacle -- International Humanitarian Law -- Service Provision in the OPT -- Control without Responsibility: Israel -- Responsibility without Control: The PA -- Partial Control, Ambivalent Responsibility: Hamas -- Case Study: Electricity in Gaza -- Ineffective Governance, Ineffective Resistance -- Is Good Local Governance - Good? -- 13 "Stuck Together": Can a Two-State Confederation End the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? -- Questioning the Two-State Solution -- A Closing Window of Support among Israelis and Palestinians -- Alternatives to a Two-State Solution -- Contextualizing Confederalism -- What Distinguishes Confederations? -- Post-conflict Confederalism? -- The Appeal of an Israeli-Palestinian Confederation -- Key Elements.

The Debate about Confederation -- Institutional and Process Design Considerations -- Ethnicization and Minority Protection -- Scale and Authority of Confederal Institutions -- Allocation of Security Authority -- Addressing Economic and Political Asymmetries -- Exit -- Process Challenges: Implementation -- Conclusion -- 14 "Dans ses Frontières Authentiques"?: Morocco's Advanced Regionalization and the Question of Western Sahara -- Moroccan Deconcentration, Decentralization, and Regionalization in Historical Context -- Precolonial Moroccan Rule over the Bled Siba as Proto-regionalization -- Regionalization in Post-independence Morocco -- The Western Sahara Question, 1999-2008 -- Advanced Regionalization -- The Mandate and Process of Advanced Regionalization -- Regional Découpage -- Democratic Governance of Regional Institutions -- Regional Powers, Funding, and State Oversight -- Tutelle/Contrôle Administratif -- Subsuming Saharan Autonomy into Advanced Regionalization -- The Western Sahara Question in the Era of Advanced Regionalization -- The Autonomy Plan and Advanced Regionalization Compared -- Sahrawi Identity and Nationalism under Moroccan Rule -- Moroccan Co-optation and Development in the Sahara -- Conclusion -- Part IV Decentralization, Conflict, and State Fragmentation -- 15 Devolution and Federalism in Collapsed States: Constitutional Process and Design -- What Is a Collapsed State and Does This Context Affect Constitution-Making Processes and Constitutional Design? -- Four Cases of Collapse -- Lebanon -- Libya -- Somalia -- Yemen -- Analysis -- Challenges of Constitution-Making Processes in Collapsed States -- Role of International Actors in Constitution-Making -- Interim vs. Longer-Term Options for Devolution -- Integrating Security and Political Issues in Constitution-Making -- Conclusion.

16 The Promise - and Limits - of Stabilization through Local Governance in Libya -- The Libyan Identity: A Failed Project? -- The Status of Decentralization in Libya -- Libya's Law 59 -- The Decentralization Debate and the Constitution -- Redefining Decentralization -- Local Approaches to Decentralization -- Service Provision -- Local Networks -- Decentralized Security -- Challenges to Decentralization in Libya -- Conclusion: Is Decentralization a Real Solution to Libya's Crisis? -- 17 Decentralization in State Disintegration: An Examination of Governance Experiments in Syria -- Background: Decentralization in Syria's Modern History -- Decentralized Governance in Pre-independence Syria -- Decentralization in Syria's Early Constitutional Order -- Centralization under Ba'ath Rule -- Decentralization as the Centerpiece of Neoliberal Reforms -- Civil War and Competing Models of Decentralization (2011-2019) -- Government-Controlled Territory: Decentralization as a Mechanism of Control -- Opposition-Controlled Territory (2011-2017): Decentralization as a Matter of Political and Practical Necessity -- Kurdish-Controlled Territory: Decentralization by Design -- Conclusions and Future Trajectories -- 18 Decentralization in Yemen: The Case of the Federalist Draft Constitution of 2015 -- The Decentralization Pendulum in Yemeni Republican History before 2011 -- The GCC Intervenes in the 2011 Revolution -- The NDC and the Transparent Path to Constitutional Recommendations -- Finalizing the Draft Constitution behind Closed Doors: The Region Committee and the CDC -- The Contested Meaning of Federalism -- The Path to Civil War and End of Federal Yemen: Burying a Federalist Constitution -- Conclusions -- Part V Conclusions -- 19 Federalism and Decentralization in the MENA Region: Types and Trajectories -- Shared Context -- The Elixir and the Allergen.

Sweeping Promises, Weak Commitments.

This book is for anyone interested in alternatives to conventional understandings of the MENA region, with a view towards identifying practical solutions to the longstanding problems of authoritarian governance and ethnic conflict.