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Intro -- Title -- Contents -- Abstract -- General Audience Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- List of Acronyms -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction -- Purposes, Objectives, and Questions -- Table 1.1: General views of democracy in Islamic and Western Liberal political thought -- Why Focus on Iraq? -- Statement of the Problem -- Table: 1.2 Voter turnout in Iraqi elections, January 2005 to May 2018 -- Why Do Political Parties' Definitions of Democracy Matter? -- Importance of the Study -- Need for the Study -- Structure of the Dissertation -- CHAPTER 2: Competing Conceptions of Democracy: A Literature Review -- Democratic Theory: Western Liberal Perspective -- Democratic Theory: Islamic Perspective -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 3: Conceptual Framework -- Variables -- Table 3.1: Propositions: Factors associated with definitions of Iraqi democracy -- Table 3.2: Overview of independent variables -- Figure 3.1: Emergence of Iraqi definitions of democracy -- Figure 3.2: Influence of religious institutions on Iraqi definitions of democracy -- Figure 3.3: Parties' conceptions of Iraqi views democracy -- Religious Variables -- Socioeconomic Variables -- Historical Variables -- Cultural Variables -- Physical Variables -- International Variables -- Coalition-Building Variables -- View of Democracy -- Political Parties -- Table 3.3: Democratic dimensions and indicators: operationalizing democracy -- Figure 3.4: Iraqi party ideology -- Figure 3.6: The mosaic of Iraqi political parties: relations of cordiality and animosity -- CHAPTER 4: Research Design and Methods -- Figure 4.1: Overview of research design -- Rationale -- Phenomenological Research Approach -- Data Sources -- Interviews -- Other Data Collection -- Data Analysis -- Researcher's Lens -- Limitations of the Research -- CHAPTER 5: The Language of Democracy -- Data Analysis -- Data Analysis Process. Individual-Centric Codes -- Performance-Centric Democracy Codes -- Residency-Dependent Codes -- Analysis of Results -- Table 5.3: Word query -- Table 5.4: Selective coding results -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 6: Emergence of Iraq's Liberal Democracy: The Election of January 29, 2005 -- Table 6.1: January 2005 election results -- Figure 6.1: Introduction of democracy -- Table 6.2: Relationship between ideology and democracy -- CHAPTER 7: Development of Democracy in Iraq: The Elections of 2005, 2010, and 2014 -- December 15, 2005, Iraqi Election -- March 7, 2010, Iraqi Election -- Table 7.2: March 2010 Iraqi election results -- April 30, 2014, Iraqi Election -- Table 7.3: April 2014 Iraqi election results by party, leader, and ideology -- Table 7.4: April 2014 election results by party and ideology -- CHAPTER 8: Further Development of Democracy in Iraq: Election of May 12, 2018 -- Table 8.1: Summary of Iraq election results, January 2005 to May 2018 -- Table 8.2: Key winners of 2018 Iraqi parliamentary elections -- Table 8.3: May 12, 2018, election coalitions -- CHAPTER 9: Conclusion -- Summary -- Iraqi Democracy as a Social Movement? -- Use of Social Media -- 2005 and Beyond -- Table 9.1: Party insider and outsider definitions of democracy by residence -- Conclusions -- Figure 9.1: Main views of Iraqi democracy -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- Appendix A: Voter Turnout in Iraqi Elections: 2005 through -- Appendix B: Summary of Findings -- Appendices (C-G): Democratic Ideological Shifts in Iraqi Elections -- Appendix C: Measures Emphasized during the January 2005 Elections -- Appendix D: Indicators Emphasized during the December 2005 Elections -- Appendix E: Indicators Emphasized during the March 2010 Elections -- Appendix F: Indicators Emphasized during the April 2014 Elections -- Appendix G: Indicators Emphasized during the May 2018 Elections. Appendix H:Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University informed consent for participants -- Appendix I: Extent of Anonymity and Confidentiality of Key Informant Interviews -- Appendix J: Rights and Responsibilities of Participants -- Appendix K: Statement of Multidisciplinary -- Appendix L: Participant Recruitment Letter -- Appendix M: Interview Protocol -- Appendix N: Research Protocol: Qualitative Interview Questions -- Appendix O: IRB Approval.