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Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Abbreviations -- List of Maps -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Definitions -- Past Literature -- Theoretical Foundations and Origins of Crusades against Christians -- Outline of the Present Volume -- Part I: Crusades in Southern Europe and the Balkans -- Chapter 2: Crusades Against Cathars, c.1207-1229 -- Introduction and Historiography -- Who Did Contemporaries Think the Cathars Were? -- Who Did Popes Think the Cathars Were? -- Why Did Popes Call for the Albigensian Crusade? -- How Did the Papacy Inspire People to Take Part in the Albigensian Crusade? -- How Did the Albigensian Crusade Compare with Crusades to the Holy Land? -- Conclusion: The Development of Papal Crusading Policy -- Chapter 3: Holy War and Crusade in Southern Italy: Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Origins of Crusades against Christians -- The Crusades against the Hohenstaufen and the Arrival of the Angevins -- The War of the Sicilian Vespers and the Crusades: Papal Support of the Angevins -- After the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302): The Fading of the Sicilian Crusades -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Crusades in Northern Italy in the Thirteenth Century -- Introduction and Historiography -- Preludes to the Northern Italian Crusades: The Pontificates of Innocent III and Honorius IV (1198-1227) -- Papal and Imperial Quasi-crusading (1227-1239) -- The Crusade against Frederick II and His Northern Italian Supporters (1240-1250) -- The Crusade against Frederick II and Heterodoxy -- Surge and Decline of Crusading within Northern Italy after Frederick II's Death in 1250: The Case of Ezzelino da Romano -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Crusades in Northern Italy in the Fourteenth Century -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Crusades -- The Chroniclers -- Conclusions. Chapter 6: Crusades Against the Byzantines -- Historiography -- Crusading Aggression up to 1204 -- A New Crusade Front -- From Targets to Allies -- Crusading to Heal the Schism? -- A "Real" Crusade? -- Conclusion: Impact of Crusades against the Byzantines -- Chapter 7: The Crusade Against "Schismatic" Bulgaria (1238) and Its Antecedents -- Introduction and Historiography -- Historical Background -- The Conflict Between Bulgaria and the Latin Empire -- Relations Between Bulgaria and Popes Honorius III and Gregory IX -- Deterioration of Relations Between Bulgaria and Rome, 1232-1238 -- The Crusade against Bulgaria -- Later Crusades and Bulgaria -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Crusading Against Bosnian Christians, c.1234-1241 -- Historical Background -- Historiographical Overview -- A Land Deserted and Impassable: The "Work of the Cross" in Bosnia in the 1230s -- Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Crusades Against the Catalans of Athens, c.1311-1334 -- Introduction and Historiography -- Historical Background -- The Evolution of the Catalans as Targets of Crusading -- Conclusions -- Part II: Crusades in Northern and Central Europe -- Chapter 10: Crusades in the Holy Roman Empire (Late 1220s to the Early 1250s) -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Conflict of the Bishop of Utrecht with the Burgrave of Coevorden and the Drenther -- The Crusade against the Stedinger -- The Activity of the Inquisitor Conrad of Marburg -- The Crusade against the Staufen -- Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Rus' as a Target of the Crusades: History and Historical Memory -- Crusading against Rus' in Historiography and Historical Memory -- The Actual Crusades -- Conclusion -- Chapter 12: Crusade Against Christian Neighbours in the Baltic. Boniface IX's Crusading Bull of 1401 to Queen Margaret I of the Kalmar Union -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Crusading Bull. Crusade against Christians -- A Crusade-but against Whom? -- Danger from the East -- A Dormant Enemy? -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Chapter 13: The Crusade of Henry Despenser (1383) -- Introduction and Historiography -- Background to the Crusade -- Recruitment and Financing -- The Course of the Crusade and Its Consequences -- Conclusions -- Chapter 14: The Crusades Against the Hussites in Bohemia (1419-1436) -- Introduction -- Sources -- Historiography -- The Agents and Course of Events of the Anti-Hussite Crusades -- Characteristics of the Anti-Hussite Crusades -- Chapter 15: Conclusion -- Organisational Characteristics -- Rhetoric and Legitimisation -- Impact and Response -- Index.