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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Figure -- Tables -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: An unlikely transition? -- The events of April-May 2018 -- Domestic constraints on a democratic breakthrough -- International constraints on democratic transition -- Chapter guide -- References -- Chapter 1: Velvet is not a colour: Armenia's democratic transition in a global context -- Introduction -- From people to parliament: The dual transition of Armenia's Velvet -- The patterns of mass mobilization: From Bahrain to Brazil -- Stateness for and against democracy -- Conclusion: Theoretical and policy implications from Armenia's Velvet -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Thirty years of protest: How Armenia's legacy of political and civic protests prepared the Velvet Revolution -- Peaceful protest under the Soviet system: Protest mobilization in Armenia before 1991 -- Before protest became 'mainstream': Mobilizations after disputed elections in post-Soviet Armenia -- Small but efficient: Civic activism and protest in pre-revolutionary Armenia -- Writing on the wall: 'Electric Yerevan' and Sasna Tsrer -- Epilogue: From Freedom Square to Republic Square -- Note -- References -- Chapter 3: How Serzh Sargsyan and the Republican Party of Armenia lost control of a competitive authoritarian system -- Introduction -- The sources of competitive politics in Armenia -- Authoritarian endurance in Armenia: legitimation, repression and co-optation -- The Velvet Revolution as legitimation failure, coercive decline and co-optation success -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Armenian civil society: Growing pains, honing skills and possible pitfalls -- Introduction -- Armenian civil society: Three decades of development. Stage I: The Karabakh movement and humanitarian aid (1988-91) -- Stage II: NGO-ization of Armenian civil society (1992-2006) -- Stage III: Re-emergence of civic activism (2007-18) -- Stage IV: A new 'post-revolutionary' stage? -- The role of civil society in the Velvet Revolution -- Civil society after 2018: Potential pitfalls -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5: Donning the Velvet: Non-violent resistance in the -- Introduction -- Non-violent resistance -- Non-violent resistance in the Velvet Revolution -- Activating unity, strategy and non-violent discipline -- Democratization after non-violent resistance -- Remaining challenges -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6: Armenia's transition: The challenges of geography, geopolitics and multipolarity -- Introduction -- Revisiting the ABCs of Armenian strategy: Adaptation, balancing and 'complementarity' - and velvet -- Multipolarity and a new crisis of confidence -- The imperative of a 'small state strategy' -- Conclusion: Promise and peril -- References -- Chapter 7: Preserving the alliance against tall odds: Armenia's Velvet Revolution as a challenge to Russia -- Introduction -- An asymmetric partnership shaped by security dependency -- Eroding Russian dominance over Caucasian geopolitics -- Russia's unwavering stance against revolutions -- Extensive Russian use of political corruption -- Russian responses to the Velvet surprise: Shock and ambivalence -- Possible Russian manipulations of post-revolutionary Armenia -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Political patriarchy: Gendered hierarchies, paternalism, and public space in Armenia's 'Velvet Revolution' -- Decentralized protest and gendered hierarchies -- The problem of propriety -- Political/public space and paternalism -- Conclusion -- References. Chapter 9: Democratization and diaspora: The Velvet Revolution and the Armenian nation abroad -- Diasporas and pro-democracy revolutions? -- Identity gerrymandering: The Armenian state's approach to diaspora relations -- A tale of two diasporas: Western and post-Soviet -- The diaspora as a force for continuity -- The Velvet Revolution: Limited diaspora involvement -- Organizational inaction -- Diaspora celebrities play a supporting role -- From Russia, with cautious neutrality -- Post-Revolution: Continuity or change in state-diaspora relations? -- A 'Velvet Revolution' in the diaspora? -- A Velvet Revolution in state-diaspora relations? -- Notes -- References -- Conclusion: What's next for Armenia? Authoritarian reserves and risks in a democratic state -- Authoritarian decline, persistence and reserves -- Sustained civic activism, institutional erosion and the rebirth of political parties -- Multipolarity, neo-imperialism and regional fracture -- Overcoming the false choice between security and democracy -- A democratic dyad in the South Caucasus -- From crude to calibrated: the three 'Cs' in saving the liberal order -- References -- Index.