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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- Why Belarus? The research context -- From Polatsk to Perestroika -- From Soviet socialist republic to sovereign state -- Outline of the book -- Notes -- 2. Adaptive authoritarianism: A conceptual framework -- Classifying non-democratic regimes -- Legitimizing non-democratic rule -- Implementing non-democratic rule -- Challenging non-democratic regimes -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. Personalization of power under Lukashenka: Institutions -- The constitution before Lukashenka -- Parliament and the legislative functions -- Government and the executive functions -- Constitutional court and the judiciary -- Local government -- National economy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Personalization of power under Lukashenka: Elites -- Co-opting the post-Soviet elites -- Reliable old associates -- New faces and factions -- The benefits of patron-client relations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Ruling Belarus: Public consent and policy adaptation -- Appealing to Lukashenka's traditional support base -- Adaptive government policies -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6. Ruling Belarus: State coercion and pre-empting democracy -- Persecution of opponents -- Pre-emptive authoritarianism -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. Challenging adaptive authoritarianism: Players -- Categorizing opposition to non-democratic rule -- Political opposition in Belarus -- Civic opposition in Belarus -- Opposition alliances and coalitions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 8. Challenging adaptive authoritarianism: Tactics -- Internal divisions -- Rejecting legitimacy and parallel political bodies -- Participation under electoral authoritarianism -- Contentious politics under Lukashenka -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 9 Conclusion -- Appendix A: Economic indicators under Lukashenka.

Appendix B: Official presidential election results -- Appendix C: Official House of Representatives election results -- Bibliography -- Index.

This book explores the regime of Alexander Lukashenka. It discusses how he came to power, how power became personalised under his regime, and how he coerced opponents, whilst maintaining popular support.