Sunni City : Tripoli from Islamist utopia to the Lebanese 'revolution' / Tine Gade

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Cover -- Half-title -- Series information -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Who Is Who in Tripoli? -- Timeline of Major Events -- Note on Arabic Transliteration -- Introduction: Tripoli, Secondary City of Lebanon -- The Geography of Modern-Day Tripoli -- Tripoli as a Microcosm of Ideological Movements -- Tripoli as a Secondary City -- City Corporatism in Divided Cities -- The Erosion of City Corporatism -- Broader Lessons from Tripoli -- Political Leaders as Communal Champions -- Sectarianization, Regionalism and Class in the Middle East -- 'Sunni Crisis' as State Crisis -- Notes on the Methodology -- Overview of the Book -- 1 Tripoli's City Corporatism and Identity Politics during the Nationalist Era (1920-1979) -- Tripoli's Economic Decline during the Late Ottoman Era (ca. 1700-1918) -- Tripoli as a City of Sunni Resistance during the Mandate Period (1920-1943) -- Tripoli's Refusal of the Lebanese State and the French Mandate (1920-1943) -- The National Pact (1943) and Beyond -- Tripoli's Protest Movements of the 1950s and 1960s -- Islam as a Counter-Culture: Bourgeois and Pro-Palestinian Islamists -- The Politicization of the Urban Poor and the Rise of Islamic Leftism in the 1970s -- The Beginning of Identity Politics in the 1970s -- The Origin of Lebanon's ʿAlawites -- The Political Awakening of ʿAlawites in Northern Lebanon in The Late 1960s and Early 1970s: The Syrian Model -- Increasing Tensions between Bab al-Tibbeneh and Jabal Mohsen -- The Syrian Intervention, Realignments, and New Wars -- Fighting between Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tibbeneh -- 2 Regional Proxy War: Radical Islamism (1982-1986) Alters Tripoli -- The Creation of the Tawhid Movement (1979-1982) -- The Impact on Sunni Lebanon of the Israeli Invasion -- Regional Support for Tawhid.

The Syrian-Palestinian War in Tripoli (September-November 1983) -- Tawhid's Gains and Losses -- Failure of Radical Sunni Islamism -- Tawhid's Failure to Appeal to Tripoli's Pious Muslims -- The Syrian Victory -- JI in the 1980s -- 3 The Postwar Erosion of Tripoli's City Corporatism -- The Postwar System of Representation -- Crises of Representation -- Decline of Ideologies as a Cross-class Solidarity Tie -- Transformations of Sunni Leadership: Decline of Urban Cohesion -- The Weakening of Patronage Ties and the Neoliberal Habitus of Tripoli's Post-War Elites -- The End of Pre-war Working Class Solidarity: The Case of Bab al-Tibbeneh -- Individual-level Economic Incentives and Cooperation with the Syrian Regime -- 'A Suit, a Tie, and the Qur'an': The Neoliberal Norms of the Conservative Bourgeoisie -- The Uphill Struggle of the Islamist Bourgeoisie -- Tripoli's Islamic Private Schools -- Islamic Self-Help and Prosperity Gospel -- The Conservative Urban Zone in Abi Samra -- Alternative Imagined Communities: The Urban Poor -- 4 The Globalization of Islam and the Crisis of Religious Authority -- Lebanonizing Salafism: National Variations on a Global Movement -- Adaptations of Lebanese Salafism -- The Salafi Colleges in Tripoli -- Tripoli's Early Salafis and the Syrian Presence -- Jihadi Salafism: The Salafism of the Young Urban Poor -- Lebanon Becomes a Rear Base for Global Jihad -- Jihadi Violence in the 2000s -- Social and Governance-Related Roots of Radicalization -- Urban Isolation and Global Injustice -- 'Sheikh Yahoo' and 'Sheikh Google' -- Family Socialization to Jihadism -- Class Differences and Religious Practice -- 5 The Future Movement: Lebanon's Political Crisis and Sectarianization (2005-2011) -- The Hariri Assassination and Its Aftermath: Lebanon's Political Crisis (2005-2008) -- A Growing Representation Gap under the Future Movement.

The Future Movement's Neoliberal Parliamentarians -- The Resistance to Institutionalization inside the Future Movement -- Winning Hearts and Minds at the Local Level -- The Future Movement's Network in Northern Lebanon: Co-opting the Doubters -- The Militarization of the Future Movement -- Disappointed Expectations and Tripoli's Urban Schizophrenia -- The Image of Tripoli as a Citadel of Sunni Hardliners -- Regional and Historical Influences -- Politics of Remembrance: The Bab al-Tibbeneh Massacre -- The Reconfiguration of Local Networks at the Individual Level -- 7 May 2008, and the Rise of Radical Sunni Flanks -- The Expulsion of March 8 Allies from Northern Lebanon -- Violent Conflict and the Intensification of Tebbaneh's Combatant Identity -- The Regional Tide Turns in 2009: The Syrian-Saudi Reconciliation Agreement and Najib Miqati -- 6 Tripoli's Islamists: Clients of the Arab Gulf States or Autonomous Actors? -- The Memorandum of Understanding between the Salafis and Hizbullah -- The Alliance between the Future Movement and the Salafis -- The Salafi Dilemma -- Sheikh Sa?d al-Din al-Kibbi's Anti-Hizbullah Stance -- Political Salafis: The Real Winners -- The Growing Rejection of Sunni Islamist Alignment with Hizbullah -- Pro-Iranian Sunni Islamists: From Anti-imperialism to Victims of Iran's Sectarianization -- The Split in al-Jama?a al-Islamiyya -- Pan-Islamism in Tripoli -- Sheikh Ra?id Hulayhil and the Anti-Cartoon Protests -- Tripoli's Jihadis and the Security Services after 2007 -- The Islamist Protests to Free 'Islamic Detainees' -- 7 The Impact of the Syrian Civil War and Beyond (2011-2020) -- Lebanon's Polarized Politics -- The Rise and Fall of Islamist Fighting Groups in Tripoli (2011-2014) -- Lebanese Sunni Fighters in Syria -- Political Violence in Northern Lebanon -- A Return of Resilience: Tripoli's Security Plan (2014-2020).

The Practice of 'Security Covers' -- Spoilers to the Security Plan -- Jabal Mohsen after Rif?at ?Id -- The Fall of the Future Movement -- Sunni Populists and Other Contenders -- Hariri's Come Back and New Failures -- Tripoli's Civil Society against the Political Society -- Tripoli, from 'Lebanon's Kandahar' to the 'Bride of the Revolution' -- Rising above Sectarian and Class Boundaries -- The Retreat of Tripoli's Islamists and Sunni Religious Leaders -- Tripoli's Counter-Revolution -- Conclusion: What Can Tripoli Tell Us about Violence and Ideological-Political Activism in the Middle East? -- The 'Red Thread' Running through the Book: City Corporatism in Secondary Cities -- The Causes of Violence -- The Effects of Urban Violence -- Unanswered Questions -- Why Urban Violence in Tripoli Matters -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

Exploring the contentious politics of Tripoli, Tine Gade examines the city's modern history, considering its fluid political identity and the relations between the governing Islamist and sectarian groups. In so doing, Gade offers a broader analysis of the character of Lebanese politics, and religious and political dynamics in the Middle East.