Christianity in Germany 1550-1850 : Confessionalization - Enlightenment - Pluralization. / Andreas Holzem ; english translation by Charlotte P. Kieslich and Ansgar Hastenpflug

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Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Translators' Note -- Chapter 1 - Confessionalization and Research into Confessionalization - Introduction -- 1.1 Cottier Schlüter - and Why He Deserves Mentioning First -- 1.2 Questions of Theory - and How "Confessionalization" Can Be Expanded Upon -- 1.2.1 Confessionalization as Modernization? -- 1.2.2 Confessionalization - Confessional Cultures - Confessional Societies -- 1.2.3 Confessionalization and "What Comes Next" - Religious Knowledge as a Dynamic Factor -- Chapter 2 - Confessionalization as Policy: The Holy Roman Empire and its Territories -- 2.1 Symbolic Deaths: Martin Luther and Charles V -- 2.2 Battle for Religious Unity: Imperial Constitution and Wars of Reformation -- 2.3 Conformity Instead of Mediation? The Augsburg Interim -- 2.4 The Peace of Augsburg -- 2.4.1 Political Peace without Theological Reunification, but Leading Towards It -- 2.4.2 Ius Reformandi and Confessional Obligation of the Subjects -- 2.4.3 Ius Emigrandi and the Princes' Right of Expulsion -- 2.4.4 Protection of Church Property Under Territorial Rule -- 2.4.5 Bi-Confessionality in Imperial Cities -- 2.4.6 Ecclesiastical Reservation (Reservatum Ecclesiasticum) -- 2.4.7 Subsidiary Declaration for the Nobility and Cities of the Imperial Church (Declaratio Ferdinandea) -- 2.5 The Reformation of the One Church as Confessionalization of Lutheran Territorial Churches -- 2.5.1 Church Rule in the Princely State: Beginnings of Protestant Church Constitutions -- 2.5.2 The Model State in the Homeland of the Reformation: Electoral Saxony -- 2.5.3 Forming Institutions of Sovereignly Church Rule: Visitation - Church Order - Consistory - Summepiscopate -- 2.5.4 Late Lutheran Confessionalizations After 1555: the Example of Württemberg -- 2.6 Types of Confessionalization in the Reformed Church.

2.6.1 The Reformed Church in Geneva and Switzerland -- 2.6.2 The Reformed Church in the Empire -- 2.7 The Confessionalization of Catholic Territories -- 2.7.1 Symbolic Aggressions -- 2.7.2 Confessionalization and Re-Catholicization: the Habsburg Hereditary Lands -- 2.7.3 Confessionalization in Secular Territories of the Holy Roman Empire: the Example of Bavaria -- 2.7.4 Confessionalization in Ecclesiastical Principalities: the Example of Münster -- 2.7.5 Confessionalization and Re-Catholicization: The Imperial Church -- 2.8 Confessionalization as a Concept -- Chapter 3 - Confessionalization as Church Reform: Confession and Education -- 3.1 Castel Sant'Angelo Prison and Death at Königstein Fortress -- 3.2 Reform and Anti-Reformation: The Confessionalization of Catholicism at the Council of Trent (1545-1563) -- 3.2.1 A Council Stalemated by Powers and Interests -- 3.2.2 Structural Issues of the Council -- 3.2.3 Doctrinal Decisions of the Council -- Scripture and Tradition -- Justification -- Sacraments -- 3.2.4 Reform Decrees of the Council -- 3.2.5 Responses to the Council -- 3.3 Catholic Spirituality of Reform -- 3.3.1 Religiosity and Education: Ignatius of Loyola and the Societas Iesu -- Conversion and Spiritual Innovation -- Spiritual Exercises, Studies and Founding the Order -- "Our Way of Proceeding" -- Counter-Reformation? Pastoral Care, Colleges and Universities of the Jesuits in the Empire -- Jesuits and Lutherans -- 3.3.2 Mysticism and Poverty: Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross and the Carmelites -- Biography and Social Environment -- Founding of San José and Monastic Reform -- Women and Theological Education -- Mental Prayer and Mysticism -- History of Impact? -- 3.3.3 Icon of a Holy Bishop: Charles Borromeo and the Tridentine Reform in Milan -- 3.4 Lutheran Confessionalization and Orthodoxy.

3.4.1 The Augsburg Confession and Intra-Lutheran Disputes over the Confession -- The "Adiaphoristic Controversy" -- The "Majoristic Controversy" -- The "Antinomistic", "Synergistic", and "Osiandrian" Controversies -- 3.4.2 The Conflict of the Corpora Doctrinæ and the Book of Concord (1577/1580) -- 3.4.3 Protestant Academic Theology -- 3.5 Reformed Confessionalizations and Church Orders -- 3.5.1 Controversy over the Lord's Supper -- 3.5.2 The Issue of Predestination -- 3.5.3 Church Constitution and Political Ethics -- 3.5.4 Canonization Processes of Reformed Confessional Texts -- 3.6 Confessionalization and Confession -- Chapter 4 - Confessional Societies and the Christianization of Living Environments -- 4.1 Wedding and Heart Anatomy: Confessionalization Reaches its Limits -- 4.2 Catholic Priests: Professionalizing a Spiritual Elite -- 4.2.1 Family Life: The Clergy in Transition -- 4.2.2 Mixed Religiosity: Clergy, Pastoral and Education -- 4.2.3 Trent: The Ideal of the Good Shepherd (Pastor Bonus) -- 4.2.4 Bread and Ham: Parish Economics and Spiritual Performance -- 4.2.5 "With Pure Hands": Spiritualizing Ways of Living -- 4.3 The Protestant Clergy: Lutheran Clergymen and Glances at the Reformed Pastor -- 4.3.1 Visitation and Professional Profile -- 4.3.2 Clergy and Bourgeoisie -- 4.3.3 Between Obedience to the Authorities and a Clerical Consciousness of Exceptionalism -- 4.4 Church Spaces, Images and Music -- 4.4.1 Catholic Churches: Houses of Glory? -- 4.4.2 Protestant Churches: Whitewashed Austerity? -- 4.5 Catholic Lived Experience -- 4.5.1 Pietas, Reason of State and the Omnipotence of the Beyond -- 4.5.2 Easter Duty, Pfarrbann and Re-Catholicization -- Rural Parishes -- The Nobility -- The Cities -- 4.5.3 The Participation in the Sacred -- Divine Service as Profession of Faith -- Lent and Letting Work Rest -- Discipline and Church Attendance.

Inns and Small Trade -- Feasts and Increasing Diligence -- 4.5.4 Sermon, Catechesis and Confraternity -- 4.5.5 School -- 4.5.6 Marriage, Family, Neighborhood -- 4.5.7 Procession and Pilgrimage -- 4.5.8 Readers at Prayer -- 4.6 Lived Experience of Protestant Orthodoxies -- 4.6.1 Sermon, Catechesis and School -- 4.6.2 Orthodox Morals and the Logic of Everyday Life -- 4.6.3 Church Discipline between Confession and Excommunication -- 4.6.4 Reformed Discipline and Sin: A Tyranny of Virtue? -- 4.6.5 Emotional Piety Around 1600: Devotional Literature, Domestic Worship and Johann Arndt's "True Christianity" -- 4.6.6 Speculations about Time, the Anniversary of the Reformation and Lay Prophecies -- 4.7 Bi- and Transconfessionality, Conversion and Indifferentism -- 4.8 Confessionalization and Lifestyle -- 4.8.1 The Role of the State and its Officials -- 4.8.2 The 'Functionalization' of Religion and the 'Intrinsic Weight' of Faith -- 4.8.3 Confessional No Man's Lands -- Chapter 5 - Crises of Confessionalization: War Over Religion and the Fight Against Witches -- 5.1 Europe and the Empire During the Thirty Years War -- 5.1.1 Death, Despair and the Religion of War: The Citizens of Rottweil and Ravensburg -- 5.1.2 Religion and the Propensity to War in Europe -- The Holy Roman Empire: Habsburg - Bohemia - League and Union -- Spain: Reconquista - Catholic Monarchy - Inquisition -- France: Confessional Civil War - Power Politics Beyond the Confessions -- The Netherlands: Calvinism - Overseas Expansion - Political Emancipation -- The Baltic Sea Region: Confessional Identity Formation - Struggle for the "Mare balticum" -- 5.1.3 The "Peaceless Nature of the Early Modern Period" -- 5.1.4 Course and Phases of the War -- The Bohemian-Palatine Campaign -- The Danish Intervention -- The Swedish Intervention -- France Joins the War -- 5.1.5 Religious Experience of War.

The War and the Authorities -- The War and the Ethics of the Soldateska -- The War and the Suffering of the Civilian Population -- 5.1.6 The Peace of Westphalia -- 5.2 The Empire and Europe in the Fight Against Witches -- 5.2.1 Witch-Hunts as a European Phenomenon of the Modern Age -- 5.2.2 Perceptions of Magic, Sorcery and Witchcraft -- 5.2.3 Elements of an Elaborated Concept of Witchcraft -- 5.2.4 Cycles of Witch-Persecution: Regions and Phases -- 5.2.5 Witch Trials: Courts and Proceedings -- 5.2.6 Causes of Persecution: The 'Little Ice Age' - Society and Authority - Female Lived Experiences -- 5.2.7 The Opponents of Witch Trials and Early Enlightenment Witch Discourse -- 5.3 Confessionalization and Violence -- Chapter 6 - Pietism -- 6.1 The Lost Child and the Moderation of Sorrow -- 6.2 The Ecclesiola in Ecclesia and "Hope for Better Days": Pietism as the History of Philipp Jakob Spener's Impact -- 6.3 Rebirth and Orphanage: Pietism in Halle and the Impact of August Hermann Francke -- 6.4 Separatist Conventicles and Ecclesiastical Integration: the Pietist Model in Württemberg -- 6.5 "Philadelphians", "Impartial History", "Blood and Wounds": The Pluralism of Pietist Group Formations and Images of History -- 6.6 Pietism as a Way of Life -- 6.6.1 Sanctification and Rebirth -- 6.6.2 Community-building in Segregation -- 6.6.3 Spiritual Life -- 6.6.4 Private Authorship -- 6.6.5 Women in Pietism -- 6.6.6 Hope for Better Days -- Chapter 7 - The Enlightenment -- 7.1 The Catholic 'Philanthropist' and the Protestant Civil Servant's "Galimatias" -- 7.2 The Concept and Subjects of the Enlightenment -- 7.3 The Enlightenment as a Social Procedure -- 7.4 God in the Enlightenment and Enlightened Bourgeois Religiosity -- 7.4.1 The Enlightened Citizen and the Divine "Mechanics of the World" -- Physicotheology -- Neology -- Skepticism towards Deism -- Rationalism.

7.4.2 Enlightened Pedagogy, Jesus Christ the Philanthropist, and the Holy Role Models of Virtuous Fervor.