Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East.

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Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Sport in the Middle East: Towards More Inclusive and Collaborative Efforts? -- Contribution to Literature -- Structure of the Book -- Future Research -- Bibliography -- Part I History -- 1 Sport and Educational Development in the History of Oman -- Introduction -- The Omani History and Its Impact On Shaping Sport -- Background of Sport Development and the Organisational Structure of Sport in Oman -- The History of Organisational Structure of Sport in Oman -- Sport in the Education Field -- Coach Education and Sports Coaches in Oman -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 2 'I Was as Lebanese as Anyone': The Story of David Saad, Lebanon's Last Jewish Olympian -- Introduction -- Jewish Life in Lebanon -- The Geopolitical Hurdles of Athletic Success -- Not Allowed to Compete -- Lebanon's Diaspora Athlete -- The Lebanese Civil War and the 1976 Summer Olympics -- Nationality Swapping -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- 3 Riding in the Desert: Road Cycling in Qatar -- Introduction -- The Beginning -- The Tour of Qatar -- The Tour of Qatar and Its Legacies -- Regional Representation -- Tour of Al-Zubarah -- The 2016 World Championships -- Grassroots Cycling in Qatar -- The Future -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 4 The 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship in Australia as a Transformative Moment in Qatar's Sporting History -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Contextual Development of Sport in Qatar Prior to 1981 -- The 1981 Tournament and Impact On Sports in Qatar -- Development of Sport in Qatar Post-1981 -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 Football for National Purposes in Qatar: Participation at Gulf Cup 1970 and Qatar FA Recognition By FIFA -- Introduction.

Origins of the Arabian Gulf Cup 1970 and Qatar Invitation for the Football Tournament -- Qatar at First Arabian Gulf Cup: First Football Hero of Emerging National Sport -- QFA Recognition By FIFA: Football for National Purposes -- Final Remarks -- Bibliography -- 6 The Historical Development of Football in the UAE: A Journey From a Pastime to a Symbol of National Identity -- Introduction -- Colonial Legacy -- Football a Symbol of National Identity -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 7 The Making of a Heritage Sport: Falconry in the UAE -- Introduction -- 'Sports Heritage' in the Arabian Peninsula -- Heritage Sports -- Falconry as an Embodied and Performative Practice -- Transnational Policies and Practices -- National Symbolism and Falconry -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part II Politics -- 8 Controlling Iranian Soccer Is Mastering Iranian Politics -- Introduction -- Dancing in the Streets -- From Political Control to Micro-Management -- Questioning Iran's Territorial Integrity -- Always Lurking: Geopolitics -- Conclusion -- Note -- Bibliography -- 9 Sport, Diplomacy, Conflict and Peace: The Case of Israel -- Introduction -- Israel's Sport Standing and the International Arena -- The Civil Society Global Organization Realm: The BDS Movement -- The Centrality of Politics in the Minds of the Israeli Sport Fans -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 10 Using Sport as a National Soft Power Strategy: The Case of Mixed Martial Arts in Bahrain -- Introduction -- Background -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 11 The Syrian Men's National Football Team as a Propaganda Tool of the Assad Government -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Theoretical Framework -- Controlling the Political Narrative: Unity in the Fight for the Nation -- A False Sense of Neutrality With a Nationalistic Twist: Obfuscating Political Diversity.

The Price of Loyalty: Subtle Coercion Through Indirect Regime Endorsement -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 12 Olympic Bidding and Anti-Doping Policies in Turkey -- Introduction -- Benefits and Legacies of the Olympic Bidding -- Stages of the Olympic Bidding -- Turkey's Olympic Bidding History -- A Brief History of Doping in Turkey -- Turkey's 2020 Olympic Bid and the Development of Anti-Doping Policies -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part III Society -- 13 Barriers for Sport Participation of Children With Lower-Class Background in Turkey -- Introduction -- Sport Development in Turkey: Sport Participation in Numbers and Gender Inequality -- Capabilities Approach -- Participation Barriers: Child Labour, Long Working Hours and Working Young People -- Conclusion -- Suggestions for Policy and Practice -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- Bibliography -- 14 Organising Sports Mega-Events and Sustainable Development Policies: The Case of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar -- Introduction -- Organising Sports Mega-Events and Sustainable Development: An Overview -- Sports Legacy and the Organisation of Sports Mega-Events -- Qatar's Readiness to Host Sports Mega-Events -- Organising the 2022 World Cup and Sustainable Development in Qatar -- Managing the 2022 World Cup's Legacy and Sustainable Development in Qatar -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 15 Global Sport and Human Capital Soft Power: The Case of Qatar -- Introduction -- Soft Power and Human Capital -- The State of Qatar -- Qatar, Global Sport and Human Capital Development -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 16 The Development of Women's Sport in the Omani Context -- Introduction -- Introducing Oman -- Methodology and Sampling -- Results and Discussions -- The Emergence and Development of Women's Sport Since 1970 -- Islam, Cultural Traditions and Participation Conditions.

Progressive Versus Conservative Elements -- Challenges -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 17 Hapoel Tel Aviv vs. Maccabi Tel Aviv: A Microcosm of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process -- Introduction -- Tel Aviv: A Brief Introduction -- The Tel Aviv Derby -- Bloomfield Stadium, Players and Fans in the Tel Aviv Derby -- The Tel Aviv Derby and Israeli Politics -- Conclusion -- Note -- Bibliography -- 18 Football Fandom in Egypt -- Introduction -- Football Fandom in Egypt: An Introduction -- Fandom and Politics: From Top-Down to Bottom-Up -- The Sociology of Fandom -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 19 The Politics and Passion of Middle Eastern Football Spectator Cultures -- Iran: Female Emancipation -- Turkey: Soundscapes -- Jordan: Social Memories -- Qatar: The Invention of Spectator Culture -- Morocco: Everyday Violence -- Egypt: From Football Bubble to Massacre -- Emotionality and Politicisation -- Conclusion -- Note -- Bibliography -- 20 Ultras in Egypt: Massacred, Disbanded, Steadfast? -- Introduction -- Football and Politics in Egypt -- Ultras From Fandom to Revolutionary Squadron -- Ultras as a Social Movement After 2013 -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Economy -- 21 Saudi Arabia and Sport in the 21st Century: From Oil and Gas to Event-Driven Change -- Introduction -- Country Profile -- Vision and Transformation -- Further Issues -- 2020 National Transformation Programme -- Investment Strategy -- External Relations -- Environmental Turbulence -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 22 Sports Economics of Iran -- Introduction -- Government Sports Expenditure -- The Structure of Sport in the Islamic Republic of Iran -- The Role of Iran's Government in Sport Economics -- The Expenditure of Household Sports -- Sports Expenditure of Companies (Sponsors and Media) -- Ownership and Management of Football Clubs in Iran.

Sponsorship -- Direct Support From Fans -- Broadcasting Rights -- Merchandising -- Tickets -- Transfer of Players -- Problems of Privatisation of Sports in Iran -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 23 Politics of Football Debt and Financial Fair Play in Turkey -- Introduction -- Financial Fair Play From Europe to Turkey -- Centralised Trusteeship Or Financial Self-Restraint? -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 24 Politics and Pirates: Sports Broadcasting in the Middle East -- Introduction -- The Dominance of BeIN Sports in the MENA Market -- The Politics of PTV and Football in MENA -- The Blockade of Qatar and the Advent of Industrial Sports Piracy -- Qatar Takes Its Case to the World Trade Organization -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 25 Hosting Mega-Events in the Gulf -- Introduction -- Event Life Cycle -- Long-Term Hosting Impacts for Nations -- Sports Development - Participation - Medals - Clubs -- Sports Venue Development -- Events Strategies -- Sports Tourism -- Polycentric as a New Hosting Formula -- Events Dilemma for International Sports Federations -- Existing Infrastructure Vs. New Markets -- Bahrain -- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia -- Kuwait -- Oman -- Qatar -- United Arab Emirates -- A Wider Look On Middle East Hosting Nations -- Conclusion and Outlook to Future Polycentric Events in the Gulf -- Bibliography -- 26 Sporting Cities and Economic Diversification in the Arabian Peninsula -- Introduction -- Urban Boosterism and Sporting Events -- Selling the Gulf's Sporting Cities -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 27 Investing in Sport: A Comparison of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia -- Introduction -- Qatar's Investments in Sport: An All-Out Strategy -- A Comprehensive and Successful Strategy -- Hosting Events -- Club Purchase -- Sponsoring -- A Global Network of Sports Channels -- Female Sport -- Sporting Success.

Purposes of Qatar's Sports Investment Strategy.

This handbook provides a succinct overview of sport in the Middle East, drawing in scholars from a wide variety of geographical and disciplinary backgrounds (history, politics, sociology, economics and regional studies), with different methodological approaches, to create the 'go-to' text on the subject.