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Cover -- Half-title -- Title Page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Approach and Methods: Minoritization and Pluralism in Middle Eastern Studies -- Acknowledgments -- Note on Transliteration -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction: Identity, Urbanization, and Citizenship -- Western Missionaries and Intercommunal Division -- The Rise of Nationalism and Claims of Common Ancestry -- Urbanization in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Trans-regional and Transnational Dislocations -- The World War I and Assyrian Dislocations -- The Simele Massacre: Dislocations Continued -- A Hierarchy of Citizenship -- 1 Assyrians and the Iraqi Communist Party -- The Assyrians and Communism in Iraq -- Kirkuk, Oil, and Labor -- Assyrians as Employees in the Iraq Petroleum Company -- Urban Violence in 1959 -- What Happened in 1963? -- Assyrians in the Courts -- Procedure -- Witnesses -- The Case of Josephine Warda -- A History of the Iraqi Women's Movement -- The Case -- Witness Testimonies -- Warda's Testimony -- Adib George: The Most Dangerous of Communists -- Lieutenant Ibrahim Tumas: Communism as the Root of Humanity -- Yalda Iliya -- The Case of Barkhu and His Colleagues -- Conclusion -- 2 The Role of Assyrians and Communists in the Kurdish Uprising (1961-1975) -- The Kurds from the Early Modern Times to Twentieth-Century Iraq -- Assyrians and the Kurdish Uprising, 1961-1963 -- Hurmizd Malik Chikku -- Kurds, Communists, and Assyrians after 1963 -- Assyrians within the Barzani Camp -- Margaret George and the Barzanis -- Political Opposition under the Baʿth: 1968-1980 -- The Formation of the Higher Committee for Christian Affairs -- Conclusion -- 3 Between Reconciliation and Repression: Baʿthist Policies toward the Assyrians in the 1970s -- Baʿthist Conciliation Policies -- Contradictory Policies.

The Aftermath of the Algiers Agreement -- The Baʿthification of Society -- Issues of Identity -- Islamic Religious Education -- Conclusion -- 4 Compliance, Negotiation, Resistance: Assyrian Press and Popular Culture (1970s-1980s) -- Mordinna Atouraya: Background -- Negotiating Simele -- Simele Remembered in Popular Culture -- Popular Culture and Songs of Defiance -- Mordinna Atouraya's Interview with Yāʿqo -- Language: A Medium for Discussion -- Identity: Athuriyyun or Ashuriyyun? -- The February Fire: Preserving Rural Traditions -- Modern Assyrian -- Narratives of Integration -- Co-optation and Negotiation between Socialism and the Abbasids -- Socialism -- Beyond Negotiation: Subtle and Defiant Forms of Resistance -- Kirkuki Assyrians: Celebrating a Baʿthist Holiday? -- Maneuvering around a Baʿthist Agent: ''Tasarrufat Matran'' -- Changes in the Magazine -- Conclusion -- 5 The Reestablishment of the Assyrian Nationalist Political Movement (1970s-1980s) -- The Iraqi National Arena -- The Baʿthification of Society: A Case Study -- An Assyrian Baʿthist in Context -- The Resurrection of Assyrian Political Organizations: Toward Armed Struggle -- The Path of an Assyrian Urbanite Intellectual toward Armed Struggle -- Case Study: The Assyrian Democratic Movement - ''Progressive Pragmatism'' -- Baʿthist Reports on the Iraqi Opposition and the Assyrian Movement -- Imprisonment, Torture, and Execution of ADM Members -- The Cult of Martyrdom -- Movement Activities in the Wake of Government Suppression -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Assyrians in Iraq's Northern ''Safe Haven'' (1991-2003) -- The Nineveh Plain Predicament: Historicizing Cultural and Political Ramifications -- Fast-Forward to 2014 -- Appendix 1 Census Data Tables -- Appendix 2 The ''Simele'' Song -- Select Bibliography -- Primary Sources -- Archives -- Official Documents.

Newspapers and Magazines -- Memoirs and Arabic-Language Sources -- Memoirs and Self-Published Reports in English -- Oral Interviews -- Media and Online Sources -- Secondary Sources -- Dissertations -- NGO Publications -- Journal and Book Sources -- Index.

Examining the relationship between the Iraqi state under the Baʿth regime and the Assyrians, a Christian ethno-religious group, Benjamen looks at the role of minorities and identity in twentieth-century Iraqi political and cultural history, based on new sources and bilingual voices for a nuanced and focused historical exploration.