Routledge Handbook on China-Middle East Relations.

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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Part I Overview -- 1 China's Emergence as a Middle East Power -- Notes -- References -- 2 China and the Middle East: An Autobiographical Perspective -- Prologue -- Epilogue -- Notes -- References -- 3 The Middle East in China's Global Strategies -- Political, Military and Economic Parameters Intrinsic to How the Chinese Government Perceives Its Interests -- China's Global Strategies -- China's Strategies and the Middle Eastern Region: Conditioning Factors Shaping the China-Middle East Relationship -- Dimensions of Historical Heritage -- Security Requirements of Regimes and States -- The Complementarity of Global Visions -- Economic Needs and Strategies -- Stages in the Development of China-Middle East Relations Since 1949 -- 1949 to 1978 -- 1979 to 1998 -- 1999 to 2012 -- 2013 to 2020 -- Future Perspectives: Problems, Challenges and Potential -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 4 China in Middle Eastern Strategic Thinking -- Cold War Setting -- China in the Middle East -- China's Growing Shadow -- China's Deeper Reach -- Regional Perceptions and Expectations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Strategic Convergence Or Strategic Rivalry?: China and America in the Middle East -- Strategic Rivalries -- American and Chinese Interests in the Middle East -- American Interests -- Chinese Interests -- A "free-Riding" Dragon? -- An Evolving Chinese Security Presence? -- Cooperation With Washington Over Iran -- Middle Eastern States and Sino-American Strategic Rivalry -- Economic Diversification -- Ports and Competition -- China's Future MENA Policy in the Context of Strategic Rivalry With the United States -- Conclusion -- Author's Note -- Notes -- References -- Part II Relations Among Regions and States.

6 China and the Gulf Region: From Strangers to Partners -- Historical Overview -- What the Relationship Means for China -- What the Relationship Means for the Gulf Region -- China's Balanced Policy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7 China and the Levant: Unlike Any Other World Power -- The World Powers' Involvement in the Levant: A Historical Perspective -- The Connectivity Perspective -- China, the Levant, and the Consolidation of a World Power Position -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 8 China and North Africa: History, Economic Engagement and Soft Power -- From Revolutionary Politics to Business -- Three World Theory -- Peace and Development -- Belt and Road Initiative -- Economic Relations: Win-win Or Win-lose? -- Trade -- Investment -- Chinese Soft Power: A Partial Charm Offensive -- Development Policy and the Chinese Model -- Culture and People-To-People Exchange -- Pandemic Diplomacy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 9 China-Egypt Relations During the BRI Era and Beyond -- The Development of Contemporary China-Egypt Relations: From Ideological Sympathy to Economic Cooperation -- China-Egypt Relations in the BRI Era: Strategic Synergy -- Prospects for Future China-Egypt Relations: Beyond Economic Cooperation? -- Shared Recognition of the State-Led Development Model -- Security Cooperation for a Stable Development Environment -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 10 China and Saudi Arabia: From Enmity to Strategic Hedging -- Historical Review: Changing Camps -- After Diplomatic Recognition: Growing Interdependence -- Political Relations: Going Strategic -- The BRI Era: A Comprehensive Engagement -- Military and Security Cooperation: Limited in Scope -- Strategic Outlook: Hedging Against Uncertainty -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 11 Turkey's Relations With China and the Belt and Road Initiative.

Historical Background of Turkish-Chinese Relations -- Turkish-Chinese Economic Relations in the BRI Era -- Diplomatic and Political Relations Between Turkey and China -- What Does the Future Hold? -- Notes -- References -- 12 China-Iran Relations: A Low-Quality Comprehensive Strategic Partnership -- Pre-BRI History: The Emergence and Stratification of the Current Dysfunction -- The BRI: An Unfulfilled Ambition? -- The Post-2016 Politics of China-Iran Relations -- Security Implications of the Sino-Iranian Partnership -- China, Iran, and the Gordian Knot of the Status Quo -- Notes -- References -- 13 Israel and China: Past Distance, Present Cooperation, Uncertain Future -- Past: 1949-2010 -- Present: 2010-2020 -- Diplomatic-political Relations in Service of Technological Innovation -- Current and Future Challenges (2021-) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 14 Frozen in Time: China-Algeria Relations From Socialist Friendship to Pandemic Opportunism -- The Early Days: Algerian Party Delegation Visits to Beijing -- Networks and Relationality at the Root of Early China-Algeria Encounters -- Dividends and Liabilities in Sino-Algerian Relational Network Investments -- Diplomatic and Cultural Networks -- Trade and Infrastructure -- Military and Security Ties -- Network-building and Sino-Algerian Relations During a Pandemic -- Looking Ahead: The More Things Change? -- Notes -- References -- 15 Sino-Omani Relations -- The Historical Dimension -- The Political Dimension -- The Security Dimension -- The Economic Dimension -- The Cultural Dimension -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part III Trade and Development -- 16 China's Evolving Energy Relations With the Middle East -- Introduction -- Overview of China's External Energy Strategies -- Fossil Fuels: Oil and Gas -- Electrical Power Industries.

Oil and Gas Engagement Between China and the Middle East -- The Significance of Middle East Oil and Gas -- Oil and Gas Trade -- Oil and Gas Investments -- China's Engagement in Middle East Electrical Power Industries -- Renewable Energy -- Nuclear Energy -- Outlook -- Notes -- References -- 17 China's Approach to Post-Conflict Reconstruction in the Middle East -- Historical Context and Theatres of Chinese Involvement in Post-Conflict Reconstruction -- The Objectives of China's Post-Conflict Reconstruction Initiatives in the Middle East -- China's Energy Market Forays and Post-Conflict Reconstruction -- China's Infrastructure Investments and Manufacturing Exports in Post-Conflict Reconstruction Zones -- The Geopolitical Underpinnings of China's Reconstruction Investments -- Local Perspectives of China's Involvement in Post-Conflict Reconstruction -- Geopolitical Implications of China's Post-Conflict Reconstruction Investments -- Concluding Thoughts -- Notes -- References -- 18 China's Nascent Soft Power Projection in the Middle East and North Africa: Cultural, Educational, and Media Initiatives -- China's Formal and Informal Diplomacy in MENA -- Education and Language Programs -- Media and Entertainment -- Conclusion: The Impact of the Chinese Soft Power Projection -- Notes -- References -- 19 Technological Dimensions of China-MENA Economic Relations -- The Intersection of Digital Development Trajectories -- Leveraging Technological Comparative Advantages -- Telecommunications and 5G -- Medicine and Life Sciences -- Robotics and Artificial Intelligence -- Financial Technologies and Payment Platforms -- Renewable Energy -- Space Ambitions -- Digital Free Trade Zones -- Media Applications and Platforms -- Paths of Convergence and Divergence -- Do Roads Diverge in a Desert? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References.

Part IV International Relations, Security, and Diplomacy -- 20 China's Partnership Diplomacy in the Middle East -- Dynamics of China's Partnership Diplomacy in the Middle East -- China's Partnership Diplomacy Toward the Pivot and Node States -- Pivot States -- Node States -- China's Partnership Diplomacy Towards Key and Stronghold States -- Key States -- Stronghold States -- Prospect of China's Partnership Diplomacy in the Middle East -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 21 Chinese Private Security Companies in the Middle East -- Middle Eastern Stability and China's Private Security Footprint -- The Chinese Energy Sector's Security Requirements -- Complex Personal Accident Risk Insurance Sector: Pricing Risk -- The International Insurance Sector From the Chinese PSCs' Perspective -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 22 Community-Building and Social Engagement: The Overseas Chinese Community in the United Arab Emirates -- Introduction -- A Brief History of Chinese Migrants in the Arabian Gulf -- A Spatial Consideration of the Chinese Community in the UAE -- Community Building and Civic Engagement: Chinese Expatriate Organizations in the UAE -- Overseas Chinese, the Chinese State, and China's Soft Power in the Arabian Gulf -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 23 The China Model and the Middle East -- The China Model -- A Middle East Model? -- Developmentalism -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 24 A Tough Job: Chinese Diplomats in the Middle East and North Africa -- Introduction -- China's Eyes in the Middle East -- The Impact of Knowledge in Policymaking -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 25 China and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict -- Introduction -- From the Arab-Israeli Conflict to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict -- China's Position Towards Israel and the Palestinians -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References.

26 Chinese Diplomatic Outreach to MENA: Cooperation Forums and Special Envoys.