Possibility and necessity in the time of Peter Abelard

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Dissertation, Scuola Normale Superiore 2017

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 A New Interest in Modal Logic -- 2 Early 12th-Century Sources on Modalities -- 3 Abelard's Texts on Modalities -- Part 1. Early 12th-Century Debates on Modal Propositions -- Introduction to Part 1 -- 1. The Received Views on Modalities -- 1 Necessity as Sempiternity and Immutability -- 2 Possibility as Potentiality -- 3 'One-Sided' Possibility and Possibilities extra-actum -- 4 Absolute versus Temporally Qualified Modalities -- 2. The Grammar and Syntax of Modal Claims -- 1 What Is a Mode? Grammatical and Logical Perspectives on Modalities -- 2 Proper and Improper Modes -- 3 Adverbial and Nominal Modes -- 3. The Nature of Modalities and the Signification of Modal Terms -- 1 What Do Modal Terms Signify? -- 2 Do Modal Terms Refer to Things or to Propositions? -- 3 Possibility as Compatibility with Nature -- 4 Necessity as Inevitability and Immutability -- Part 2. Abelard's Modal Logic -- Introduction to Part 2 -- 4. Abelard on de re and de dicto Modalities -- 1 The de re/de dicto Distinction in the Dialectica -- 2 The Development of the Distinction in the Logica Ingredientibus -- 5. The Existential Import of Modal Propositions -- 1 The Existential Import of Propositions de puro inesse -- 2 The Existential Import in de rebus and de sensu Modal Claims -- 3 Existential Import and the Modal Square of Oppositions -- 6. The Logic of Modal Propositions -- 1 Abelard on the Syntactic Structure of de rebus Modal Propositions -- 2 Oppositions and Equipollences -- 3 Modal Principles of Inference, Conversions, and Syllogistics -- 7. Simple and Determinate Modal Propositions -- 1 Abelard on Temporally Qualified Modalities -- 2 On the Meaning of the dum-Clause -- 3 The Logic for Determinate Modal Propositions -- 4 Another Puzzle Raised by Determinate Modal Propositions.

Part 3. Abelard on the Metaphysics and Epistemology of Modalities -- Introduction to Part 3 -- 8. Natures and Modalities -- 1 Two Primitive Concepts in Abelard's Modal Language -- 2 Abelard on Natures and Nature -- 3 Abelard's Modalities and Possible Worlds -- 9. Abelard on the Many Senses of Possibility -- 1 Any Man Can Be a Bishop: Possibility as Non-repugnancy with Nature -- 2 Humans Who Cannot Laugh and Uncoloured Bodies: Unrealizable but 'Conceivable' Possibilities -- 3 Amputees Can Walk and Crippled Men Can Fight: Abelard's Distinction between Simple and Determinate Potencies -- 4 Might a Blind Person Have Been Able to See? Abelard on Past and Counterfactual Potencies -- 5 Dead Humans and Irrational Humans: Other Puzzling Cases of de re Possibilities -- 10. Necessity, Determinacy, and Contingency -- 1 Three Ways to Characterize Necessity -- 2 Determinacy and Contingency in Abelard's Comments on De Interpretatione 9 -- 3 Abelard against Logical Determinism -- 4 Abelard on Theological Determinism and the Dilemma of Divine Foreknowledge -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Manuscripts -- Primary Sources -- Secondary Sources -- Index.